Heraldry and Chivalry ♚

Chivalry and heraldry-big ideas 
What were the moral codes knights were expected to live by?
What is heraldry and how was it used?

Chivalry- overview 
A knight was expected to not only have strength and skills in combat, but to temper this aggressive side with christian virtues .

Chivalry was a moral system which went beyond rules of combat to define the ideal conduct and qualities expected of knights, such as bravery , courtesy, and honor towards women.

Chivalry- defined
1. The combination of quarter expected of an ideal knight, esp. courage, honor, justice, and a readiness to help to weak
2. Courteous behavior, esp. towards women
3. The medieval system of knighthood
4. Knights, noblemen, etc


How do you know who is on your team?
Heraldry: System of symbols  for each identification
The use of these distinctive family symbols became known as " Heraldry"

A knight carried a shield inscribed with symbols or design that came out to be known as his " coat of arms"
A noble family's coat of arms was handed down from generation to generation.
Every part of the coat of arms were symbolic and represented characteristics.

Chapter 15 ( Theory of evolution)

Evolution: a change in characteristics within a population from one generation to the next

During the 18th century : most scientists believed that all species were permanent and unchanging, and that the earth was only thousands of years old.
*this was because they had calculated it based upon the bible.
Today: Species has changed over time and the earth is over 4 billion years old.


Ideas about geology:
Scientists in Europe begun studying rock layers, known as strata. They discovered that the lower strata developed first. 

Georges Cuvier (a french anatomist) promoted the idea of catastrophism: sudden geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms in the past. 

Charles Lyell promoted uniformitarianism, which basically said that the same processes that were used in the past were still happening today to shape the earth in new ways.

Jean Lamarck supported the idea that populations of organisms change over time, which was true. However, he should've shut up after that. He proposed that individuals require traits during their lifetimes as a result of esxpirences or behavior, and then pass on those traits to offspring. His idea was called inheritance of acquired characteristics. This was untrue, because lamark didn't know how genes worked. It was proved wrong when a scientist cut off the tails of mice and the mice continually always had tails when they were born.

Darwin used the phrase decent with modification to describe the process of evolution. He reviewed the evidence that every species must have descended by reproduction from pre existing species and that species must be able to change over time. Although Darwin wasn't the first to think of decent with modification, he was the fist to apply it to all species. This was because we as humans stopped being weird about discovery and accepted things even if they didn't agree with our religious beliefs.

tactics test ✓

Rhetoric:  the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques

Propaganda:  information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

Logical Fallacy:  a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system

speaker: who is speaking, writing, or composing the text
audience: who is listening, reading, or interacting with the text
subject: the topic of the text

purpose: the objective of the speaker--what he/she wants to accomplish through this text occasion: the motivation for composing the text tone: the emotion and attitude of the speaker towards the text and / or audience appeals to emotion (pathos): attempts to lure the audience by urging them to think or act a certain way by focusing on their emotional response appeals to logic (logos): attempts to lure the audience by urging them to think or act a certain way by focusing on logical arguments built from solid reasons and evidence appeals to credibility(ethos) : attempts to lure the audience by urging them to think or act a certain way by focusing on their connection to and knowledge about the speaker 

claim: main argument posed in the text reasoning: scientific, moral, aesthetic, philosophical, economic, or historical thought structure that answers the question Why do you believe what you believe? evidence and support: facts, data, quotations, etc. from authoritative sources to enhance the speaker’s reasons counter argument : addressing the claim that are in opposition to the speaker’s claim; this usually is following by “shooting down” these positions with additional reasoning and support concession: acknowledging when the other side has a valid point, potentially a point that the speaker cannot refute; this can be followed by “shooting down” these positions with additional reasoning and support

Point of concurrency △

If two or more lines meet at a single point, the lines are concurrent, and the point at which they meet is called The point of concurrency 

The median of a triangle ( orange lines) are the segments from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.

The point of concurrency of the median is called the centroid.




The centroid is important because it divides the median into a 2:1 ratio. The section of the median nearest the vertex is twice as long as the section near the midpoint of the triangle's side.

*If the triangle is obtuse, it is likely for the point of concurrency to fall outside the triangle.


The coordinate of the centroid is the average of the coordinates of the vertices. 

For example: you have triangle a,b,c. a( 0,-6) , b(-10,-6), c(1,0)
so the x of the centroid would be ( 0+ -10 + 1) / 3  = -9/3 = -3.    x=-3
and y would be (-6 + -6+ 0)/3 =-12/3 = -4.  y=-4

therefore, the coordinates would be (-3,-4)


For problems such as : two vertices of a triangle are ( 0,0) and ( 9,0). the centroid is (6,1). Find the third vertex of the triangle.

you would set up the equation as: (0+9+x)/3 =6   so what divided by 3 equals 6? 18. and 9+ 9= 18. so x=9.

for y, (0+0+y)/3= 1 therefore, y must equal 3. because 3 divided by 3 is equal to 1.
                                                   

Democracy and Greece's Golden Age

2/6/15

1. A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives is called direct democracy 

2. Pericles was the wise statesman who led Athens during much of its golden age

3. A temple crafted by the sculptor Phidias to honor the goddess Athena was the Parthenon

4. The Greek values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion in art served as the standard for what became known as classical art 

5. A tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, and betrayal.

6. The greatest historian of the Greek classical age was Thucydides. 

7.Greek City-states Athens and Sparta fought each other in the Peloponnesian war. 

8. Greek thinkers who were determined to seek the truth were called philosophers

9. The sophists were a group of thinkers who questioned the existence of the traditional Greek gods.

10. One Thinker who developed a method of teaching using questions and answers was Socrates

11. Plato was a famous thinker who set forth his idea of a perfectly governed society in The Republic 

12. A philosopher who opened a school in Athens Called lyceum was Aristotle

Ancient Rome

2/24/15

Overview:
Ancient Rome started in the 9th century BC as  small agricultural community along the tiber River the eventually extended around the Mediterranean Sea

Law and government 
The twelve tables - in 451 BC, the Romans created basic laws everyone must obey. They wrote them on the twelve bronze plates, which became known as the twelve tables. These were the 1st examples of Roman written law.

Helped to establish the concept of ...

Rule of law: No one is above the law, not the wealthy, powerful, or those in high positions.

The Justinian Code: Roman emperor Justinian refined many of the laws of the law and collected them all into one work. This is known as the Justinian code and it was completed in AD 529. These laws form the basis of all today's justice systems of the world.

The Roman Republic (507-27 BCE) the phase of the roman ancient civilizations characterized by a republican form of government

Republic: a form of government where power is held by the people who elect representatives to govern on their behalf

Our constitution concepts such as seperation of powers and checks and balances came to us from Roman law.

Separation of powers: no one branch becomes too powerful
Checks and balances: branches limit each others powers.

* The Romans were said to be the offspring of 2 brothers raised by wolves

Julius caesar: strong leader, his reforms made him popular among commoners- but was assassinated because the wealthy feared he was becoming too powerful.

Caesar augustus: The nephew of julius and another strong leader. He becomes the first emperor and the Roman Republic Ends- The Roman Empire begins

The Bubonic Plague (pg 505-506) ✓

1. What part of the world did the plague come from? 
Asia, it struck Europe in 1348

2. What years did it afflict Europe? 
From 1348 to 1352 ( five years in total) Traveled by sea and trade.

3. What was the plague called? 
Bubonic plague, which means black death

4. Approximately what population of Europe died? 
1/3 of the population of Europe died

5. According to Giovanni Boccaccio, what were the symptoms of disease? 
Tumors as small as an apple, or as big as eggs in the armpits and groin. Also nose bleeding.

6. What were the results of the bubonic plague? 
a. shortage in the agricultural and industry fields
b. many people turned homeless or relied on robbery
c. able bodies charged high wages and the king had to regulate wages and prices to stop growth of vagrancy.

Nursery Rhyme:
Ring around the rosy: Praying around rosery beads to give you god's help. They were desperate.
Pocket full of posies: thought that the smell caused the plague, if you smelled like flowers, you wouldn't catch it.
Ashes, ashes: The church burned the dead when burning them because they believed it killed the disease.
We all fall down: the kingdom essentially fell apart because everyone died.

Variations:
Bubonic-most common form, buboes ( suckling of tumors on neck, groin, and armpits)
Septicemic: means "by blood". Spread by infection of blood.
Pneumonic: lung infection-spread through air: 100% fated death with in 2 days. or hours.

Islamic unit of early western civilzation

ABOUT THE FAITH

Muhammad ( PBUH) ( life story) -

stage 1: so Muhammad had a hard life, as a young child he was orphaned. Now the way they run things over there , your family is basically all protection, each "clan" has its own set of rules, protections, and almost is a mini government. So Muhammad's Boss uncle was all chill like " you can come live with me so you ain't homeless and all vulnerable.

stage 2: Anyways, he later married a wife ( from meeting from working with each other.) and was accepted into her clan group. One day, he had a dream from God to go to a cave to meditate, so he went. There, angel Gabriel came to him in a very painful dream and was all like " yo we need a messenger to tell the people about God and um you up to it?" So then Muhammad was all like " ow that really hurt but okay?"

stage 3: So then Muhammad came back, and so before he was all illiterate and not very smart, but then when he came back he was preaching all these fucking beautiful poems and so some people listened, but mostly didn't. But then he was known for his motherfucking awesome compromising skills, and at some point proposed that all 4 leaders carry the stone inside the ka’aba, and was invited to put the stone back.

stage 4: Eventually, he was very well known, and was invited to go to medina to fix some problemeos. This became known as the hegira ( down below) and every little thing gonna be all right.

stage 5: he returns to his home, at mecca, the peoples were still not tranfering to islam, and so he was all like “ YO I DID NOT JUST GET A MESSAGE FROM THE FUCKING ANGEL AND BE FORCED TO SAY POETRY EVERY SO OFTEN FOR YOU GUYS NOT TO BELIEVE ME. “ so after trying many peaceful ways, muhammad and his army attacked mecca, creating a battle that at first had very little, but other muslims soon heard and came to fight.The muslims won, and there he cleaned the ka’aba of idols, and made it monothestic again, circling 7 times before entering of course. This was quite remarkable, because normally, anyone else would have destroyed the peoples, but muhammad was merciful and spared their lives.

PBUH- Muhammad is the most common name in the entire fucking universe, so they added PBUH to the end of his name, much like rappers do when they get famous, he needs a way to be like " I'm different." So the PBUH stands for peace be upon him.

Koran- the bible of the islamic religion, except muhammad didn't write it down, it was a collective of several people trying to remember what he said.

Prophet-  messenger of Allah, this person is not a god or special in any way , toats human. but the best one is sooooo Muhammad ( says the muslims)

Mecca- place where muhammad ( PBUH) was born.

Medina- place where Muhammad fled to, before was yathrib or whatever, but then muhammad was so motherfucking awesome so they renamed it.

Hegira- so basically the turning point of islam. So Muhammad and his followers were going to medina, after being invited. On this journey, the ideas of islam spread more and more, and instead of being joined together by blood, for the first TIME IN MOTHERFUCKING HISTORY PEOPLE WERE JOINED BY RELIGION AND YO IT WAS FUCKING BIZARE AND GREAT.

Islam- “ submission to will of Allah” youngest known monothestic religion, the ideas spread fast because when people went conquering, instead of forcing them into the religion, they let them choose, but charged a tax on the people who did not convert, they had a very strong army. It’s all about the peaceful submission to one god.

Allah- much like our God, it's basically their God, just a different word.

Muslim- person who follows islamic belief. “ one who has submits” Aight , yo so Muslims are hella nice, and don't you be making jokes about how they all are terroists , and blah blah blah blah. They are super peaceful people and nothing like extremist groups. That being said, we take a lot of what we have today from the Muslim / islamic influence.

Friday- the day that everyone comes together to pray.

Caliph- the cheif muslim civil and religious leader test tales the place of Being leader after muhhamad dies.

Shar’ia - the system of law that regulates family life, moral conduct, and community for muslims. basically the go to guide on how to live a correct muslim.

dome of the rock- in Jerusalem , where muhammad was like brought back to life, but also where what's- his-name was going to sacrifice his son and at the last minute sacrificed a ram instead, also where a church was built on.

Minarets- so these were these really tall things on buildings that people were called to prayer by.

Shiites- believe caliphs should be descended from muhammad's family. Strict Muslims. "We are family "

Sunnites - believe caliphs should be any man that deserves it. They were more accepting toward taking in other customs.

Sunna- customs

Sheik- chief of a clan. He never really taught us this ever.

The extent - it goes from Spain all the way to India.

What are the major tenets of islamic religion?

Five pillars of Islam-

1) shahada- faith = so these Muslims need to tell and proclaim their love and devotion to their religion like a bajillion times a day, and it's even in their sayings.

2) salat- prayer = so they have prayer 5 times a day, each has a different word and a different purpose. but its always toward the kaaba

3) zakat- charity so it's different for each Muslim, but from what my understanding is, that if you have enough money once a month you should donate, if you are unable to do so during the month, Allah sees all, and understands that you can't donate.

4) sawm- fasting - Ramadan once a month you shall fast, and only eat during night hours. Only adults ( people over the age of 12) have to participate, and again if you are pregnant you are excused because Allah knows why. This is meant to keep Muslims not greedy, thankful for what they have, and have an understanding of why they need to give charity to those in needs.

5) hajj- pilgrimage - so once in a lifetime at least, all muslims must go to mecca, during a special time of the year to pray towards the kaaba. which is a black box, said to be built by abraham, and cleaned out of idols by Muhammad.

Inventions, improvements and more.

Okay so the Muslims be super duper smart, everyone you met was like a fucking Einstein. If you were dumb, you were kinda screwed. They were equal to the Greek and Romans in inventing. They had beautiful palaces, and were living in complete luxury , while everyone else was living in huts and mud and getting really really sick.

Uniquely islamic architecture- keyhole arches, scalloped arches, double horse shoe arches, reflecting pools, flying buttresses, onion domes, minarets, the texture and calligraphy in the walls, the skinny columns, fountains.

Contrast- the Islamic Spain had street lamps, they were very accepting of other religions, only a tax had to be payed. They had gorgeous architecture, gardens, and running water. It was beautiful. While everywhere else had disease, dirt streets, waste running down the streets, barely any water. It was gross.

Knowledge - knowledge in Islam was very important. People flew all over the world to learn more about stuff. Translations of papers went into place. They were all about studying and finding new solutions. These people loved learning.

Medicine- so all the peoples over everywhere else be praying to their ancestors bones over them getting better, but the Muslims be knowing better. The Muslims made hospitals, figured out the disease can be airborne, and separated them into separate wards. They also started to treat medical illness

Math- they created fucking algebra and trigonometry, that's some next level shit right there. So next time you're sitting in math wishing that someone would kill you, you can thank the Muslims for being so fucking smart. They also creates the Arabic numerals. Which are the numbers people's use to calculate math.

Science- even though we learned 0 about this, I shall tell you. The Muslims were so fucking advanced in agronomy, the diagrams they used were kept and studied for over 600 years. They also created an astrolabe that made it easy for them to look at the stars because stars are pretty.

Optics-  so the Muslims were interested in eyeballs, lenses and invented the camera because why not..

Alhambra palace- Spain- so this palace be super sick. It combined the domes, fancy calligraphy, and it was just really really pretty.

Taj mahal - India -so this really rich dude was super in love with his wife, and so when the wife died ip the dude was like " yo I love you so much ima build a fucking castle to show you and remember you by. This palace had huge minarets, arches, reflection pools, and really cool designs.

Calligraphy- yo so the Muslims couldn't really do art, because they weren't allowed to draw  or portray Allah or Muhammad so instead they copied versus from the qu'ran and made it all pretty pretty.

house of wisdom- bagdad - YO SO THIS MOTHERFUCKING BUILDING BE BELLES DREAM HOUSE. IT HAD BOOKS ON EVERYTHING YOU COULD IMAGINE, SCROLLS, IT WAS THE FUCKING LIBRARY OF LIBRARIES. it was a university and rightfully held its name until someone burned it down. :(

Jihad- AIGHT THE WAY HE LIKE TOTALLY FORGOT ABOUT THIS PISSES ME OFF. SO THE JIHAD IS THE FIGHT WITHIN AND TOWARDS OTHERS TO others to preserve their religion. THIS IS WHAT MAKES MUSLIMS SO PEACEFUL. THEY BE ALL LIKE I LOVE ALLAH. AND PLEASE DON’T HURT MY RELIGION. AND THATS WHY THE FUCKING SWORD WAS ON THE FLAG. ITS ALL LIKE PLEASE DONT HURT MECCA.

Byzantine empire ✓

Justinian code — the code Justinian made for a standard of laws from romans.

Eastern orthodox church; Led by the patriarch, greek, in east, orthodox. Its pretty legit.

Orthodoxy-the true teaching according to the church leaders. 

Heresy-the false teaching according to the church leaders .

Apse-a semicircular recess uncovered with a hemispherical (dome shape) vault.

nika revolt-basically the townspeople and the rich people were in the hippodrome, and Justinian was taxing the people at a very high rate at this time, in order to go conquer all the places, so everyone instead of fighting over who would win the chariot races turned their anger toward Justinian and when on a drunken rampage through the streets, so much to the point that Justinian was going to flee( that wimp)  until his wife ( Theodora) made a wonderful speech about how she would rather die being an empress rather than die a nomadic nobody. Because bi*ches, you know I look better in purple, and purple is only for emperors/high class people.

Iconoclastic controversy-there was a controversy between if there should be icons anymore because illiterate people were not understanding that the icon was just a representation, and that they should not be praying to the actual images, but rather the meaning behind them. The whole thing became such a huge controversy that the church split into two parts, east and west. BECAUSE VIOLENCE AND SPLITTING solves everything.

Mosaic-a pretty picture compiled of small rocks, stones or glass.

Cyrillic alphabet-so these two monks were trading and spreading the ideas of roman and greeks while converting people to catholic religion, so then they came across these slavic who had a pretty legit reason to convert: they couldn’t read the bible , so the monks made a slavic alphabet , and made it possible for them to read the bible.

byzantine art: the people appear to have long, stretched out bodies, long noses, huge / disproportional eyes, almond shape heads, and a flat figure. also has an attitude that clearly reads “ my hips don’t lie motherf*cker”

,Narthex:not at all like Narnia , like you hoped instead its just a lame entrance to a church.

Hagia sophia: it literally translates to “ wisdom” so you motherf*cking know it be the bomb. Justinian spent so much time on this d*mn building that they went into debt because of it. The f*cking building was a round dome on top of a square building, which apparently was like f*cking wizardry. So you best know everyone be visiting it. We spent 2 class periods just talking about this damn building, which doesn’t even have the minbar anymore . The f*cking minarets aren’t even used, like come on, appreciate the islam religion people. it's a damn museum now. basically, this is the Parthenon of the f8cking byzantine empire, except Justinian was just being a selfish douche and wanted a giant church that symbolized state power and religion , so he could be like “ f*ck yeah my empire is sick”

Geography: the city of Constantinople was strategically placed in a rich area of marketing, so all the monies came to them by the Bosphorus strait, and today the strait still remains one of the richest producers of money makers,transporting more than 50% of the world oil all around the world and getting mad money.

Domes-no, not your doom, but much rather those funny endings of a building that look like a nice hill atop a building.

The great schism-point in time which 2 sides split

Why did the empire last so long? The empire was so motherf*cking awesome there was no chance it was going down. You know the hell why it lasted so long, that’s why we had to do the stupid legacy paper last night. if you have a big piece of land, you gotta rule it right, you have to have an efficient , organized way to rule your little subjects, bitches this was the most efficient bureaucracy we’ve seen in a while, it maintained order in times of “ turmoil” which apparently translates to “ when somebody f*cks up”

Bezant-like the american dollar, before the invention of the bezant they were trading , 1 chicken for 1 lamb, you know? So you’d have to carry a sack of chickens everywhere with you. A real inconvenience.

fall of the empire-

Yo so the empire was doing pretty good, it has all it needed, no one could destroy this motherf*cker. much like when your side hoe decides to send the picture of you two together to your main hoe, LITTLE B*TCH ITALY  wanted ALL ZE POWER. SO IT F*CKING BETRAYED THE BYZANTINES. AND MADE THE 4TH CRUSADERS KILL EVERYONE IN THE EMPIRE.  The byzantines were very sad, and weakened forever. Eventually the f*cking muslims captured the great city of Constantinople, and made everything into mosques and made it even more AMAZING before… but was it all rainbows and unicorns? …. Find out next unit when he continues to make us copy down notes and not teach us .

Maslow's Hierarchy of Need's ✓

Self actualization: Needs to fulfill potential, have meaningful goals. 

Esteem: needs for confidence, sense of worth, and competence, self esteem and respectful of others. 

Attachments and affiliation ( AKA love & belonging) : Needs to belong, to affiliate, to love, and to be loved.

Safety: Needs for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear. 

Biological: Needs for food, water, oxegyn, rest, sexual




Describe the relationship between the needs. In what order does one move through and satisfy each need? Are certain needs more attainable than others? Why? Are certain ones more important than others? Explain!!

Biological needs must be satisfied before higher needs make themselves apparent. Before any other needs, biological comes first. Safety needs to tell us to avoid danger, however if an animal is hungry they will put themselves in danger to get food and satisfy their hunger. Attachment and affiliation take up most of our life when we are no longer concerned about safety. Then comes esteem and lastly self-actualization. I would say biological needs are most important because no other needs can be met if biological needs can't be met. 

Erikson's stages of sociemotional development ✓

Trust vs. Mistrust-birth 1.5 
  Depends on others to obtain basic needs. Helps form babies form attachments and trust.
If not then:anxiety, insecurity

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt-1.5-3 years 
Toddler must learn he/she has free will and test their new found independence. Trying things for the first time. Must do new things with body without ashamed
 If not achieved then: Dependen, non confident, doubtful 

Initiative vs. skills-preschoolers 3-6years
Exploration, operating in ones own environment. Learning new social skills, to explore and imagine. Must learn to control impulses, growth, certain instincts.
If not, then: Guilt, won't know boundaries, feeling like you won't fit in 

Industry vs. inferiority-Elementary schoolers (6-12 years) 
Must feel competence as they learn new skills, academics, comparisons to others. Goal: To get to next grade.
If not then: Incompetence, inferior, feeling of  failure

Identity vs. role confusion-adolescence ( teens) 
Decide who they are in terms of their social identity and personal identity. Goal: to come out with a strong sense of self.
If not, then: Role confusion, unsatisfying 

Intimacy vs. isolation ( Early adulthood) 
Choice whether or not to give or receive love. Goal: to have a successful, committed relationship.
Otherwise: Shy, untrusting, feel a sense of self worth 

Generatively vs. Stagnation ( Middle adulthood) 
Self renewal, creativity, bettering yourself . Will you " Produce ad contribute to society of staying complacent and unchanging".
If not then: Self indulgent concerns, lack of future orientation 

Ego integrity vs. despair ( Late adulthood)
Are you satisfied with the life you've lives, sense of wholeness.
If not then: Feeling of futility, disappointment, depression.

Earths history

Scientists think that earth formed more than 4 billion years ago by the gravitational accumulation of dust and debris moving through space

Isotopes are atoms with varying numbers of neutrons

The ages of rocks and other materials cam be determined by measuring the amount of radioactive decay that has occurred in radioactive isotopes found in samples of those materials
an isotope's half-life is the time that one-half of a sample of the isotope takes to decay.


The first simple organic compounds on early Earth may have formed under conditions of heat energy and in an atmosphere very different from that of today's Earth
      Meteorites may have brought organic compounds to earth.

Three Major scientific inferences about the first living things on earth

1.     Scientists think that little or no oxygen gas existed on early earth 
2. oldest fossils are thought to be the same size and shape of prokaryotes 
3. First cells might have developed in an environment filled w/ organic molecules for food 

Further chemical reactions may have converted simple organic compounds into the complex macromolecules important to life

cell- like structures, including microspheres and coacervates, form spontaneous in certain kinds of solutions.

Biogenesis

Biogenesis: 

Spontaneous generation: before the 1600's, the thought that organisms could arise from nonliving things.

Redi's experiments: 

• 1688 showed that rotting meat kept away from flies would not produce flies 
• maggots appeared only on meat that had been exposed to flies
• image of experiment

Spallanzi's experiments: 

• 1700
• Microorganisms would not grow in broth when its container was heated then sealed. 
• Inferred that microorganisms do not arise spontaneously but, rather, are carried in the air 
• Image of the experiment 

Pasteur's experiment 

• 1860's
• variation of spallanzi's design 
• prove that microorganisms are carried in the air and do not arise by spontaneous generation 
• * Finally disproved it 
• image of experiment

Day 2 of notes ✓

Started with philosophers

The Big Debate: Nature vs. Nurture. 
( Innate ideas vs. environmental influences.)

Wilhelm Wunt ( 1832- 1920) 

• Credit for establishing psychology as a science 
• Founder of the first psych lab in 1874 in Leipzig, Germany 
• Structuralism and trained introspective 

Titchener 

• Structuralism <-- school of thought 
• Analysis of sensations images and feelings into basic definitions
• Relied on trained introspective, which is the process of analyzing stimuli 
• *What happened? 

* Not why, What

Functionalism: Emphasized the function/ purpose of the activities
( William jones, Darwin agreed)

Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory- study of the unconscious mind.

• Parts of mind containing : wishes, passions, guilt, conflicts, desires are unaware which affects behavior 
• Past memories :psychosexual stage
• So much more

Attic of Mind= unconsciousness 

First Day Of Notes

Psychology: The study of behavior and mental processes 
       Examines how humans ( And nonhumans) learn, act/behave, and think.     
WHY       Understanding->preventing 

Pop psychology-> " Popular psychology" 

• Products or services that claim to help improve you mental and/or emotional state. 
• Reinforced by popular opinion, or a " Quick fix" 
• Cannot be trusted. 

* Nothing can be scientifically proven 

Psychobabble: the language of pop psychology

• " Clinicly proven to increase happiness"
• " 7 easy steps to peace"

   

Unit 2- brain lateralization, split brain and hemispheres, lobes, hind brain✓

1) Frontal lobe-              C. Language comprehension
2) Occipital Lobe-           E. Vision
3) Parietal Lobe                B. Sensation and body location
4) Temporal Lobe              F. Hearing
5) Broca's Area                  A. Speech Production
6) Wernicke's area              D. Higher order thinking


1) Tammi was hit in the back of her head- what kind of problem will she most likely experience? 
   Vision

2) Pat has a tough time hearing, which of his lobes is/ are damaged? 
    Temporal lobe

3) Sam is having a difficult time planning his sales presentation, which lobe is not functioning correctly? 
  Frontal

4) Lisa is in a lot of pain after her car accident. What lobe is screaming at her? 
  Parietal 

5) Frank can see his cat, but is having trouble recognizing his cat, his occipital lobe is damaged

6) Jim doesn't always notice temperature changes in the room or notice when he is being shoved. he has issues with his: parietal lobe 

7) kelly often makes dumb decisions. Her professor thinks that she has issues in which lobe? 
frontal lobe 

8) If a cat was seen in the left visual field, how could Split Brain Bob be able to Communicate he saw it? Drawing, left hand 

9) If a plate of spaghetti was seen in the right visual field, could Bob say he sees his spaghetti? yes

10) Which hand would be able to draw an apple if it is seen in the right visual field? right

11) Could Bob tell us he sees his mom in his left visual side? no 

12) Bob lost the use of his left leg, in which hemispheres did he have a stroke? right